Everything that we see around us is called matter. It occupies space and has 1mass. Example: chair, table, bed, smartphone, books etc.
1Mass:
The amount of material that can be stored inside a container or a body is called mass.
Particles:
Every matter is made up of small particles that can’t be seen with naked eyes. These small particles are known as 2atoms.
2Atoms:
Atoms are the smallest particles that can’t be further divided into smaller particles.
Characteristics of particles:
Particles have space between them.
The particles of matter move continuously.
They have force of attraction between them.
States of matter:
Matters are found mainly in three states:
Solid State
Liquid State
Gaseous State
Solid State of matter:
The main characteristics of Solid State of matter are given below:
Rigid (fixed) shape, size, and volume.
Particles of solids are tightly packed. It means that they have less space between them.
The force of attraction between the particles is higher as compared to liquid or gas.
There is little to no compressibility in solids.
Liquid State of matter:
The main characteristics of Liquid State of matter are given below:
No rigid shape or size but has a fixed volume. Example: 1 litre of water poured in a bucket or bottle will remain 1 litre but its shape will vary from bucket to bottle.
Particles of liquid are loosely packed. It means that they have more space between them as compared to particles in solids.
The force of attraction is less as among particles as compared to particles in solids.
Liquid is more compressible than solid.
Gas State of matter:
The main characteristics of Gas State of matter are given below:
They do not have fixed shape, size, and volume.
Particles in gas are loosely packed. It means that they have more space between them as compared to particles in solid and liquid.
The force of attraction is very less among particles as compared to the particles in solid and liquid.
Gases are highly compressible. They can be easily compressed and stored in small containers such as in cylinders.
Change in the state of matter:
A matter such as water can easily change its state. The water is found mainly in three states i.e. solid, liquid or gas.
Solid –> Liquid –> Gas Gas –> Liquid –> Solid
Terms related to change in state of matter:
Melting point:
It is the temperature at which any solid changes into liquid. Example: the melting point of water is 00C.
Boiling point:
It is the temperature at which any liquid changes into gas. Example: the boiling point of water is 1000C.
Fusion:
Conversion of solid into liquid is called fusion. Ex: Ice –> water.
Vaporisation:
Conversion of liquid into gas is called vaporisation. Ex: Water –> water vapor.
Condensation:
Conversion of gas into liquid is called condensation. Ex: Water vapor –> water.
Solidification:
Conversion of liquid into solid is called solidification. Ex: Water –> Ice.
*Sublimation:
Conversion of solid directly into gas is called sublimation. Example: Upon heating, Ammonium chloride converts directly into gas (without converting into liquid).
*Deposition:
Conversion of gas directly into solid is called deposition. Example: Upon cooling, Ammonium chloride converts directly into solid (without converting into liquid).
Effect of pressure and temperature:
->A gas, upon increasing pressure and reducing temperature can be converted into liquid and further into solid.
->A solid (ice), upon decreasing pressure and increasing temperature can be converted into liquid and further into gas.
*Co2 gets convert into dry ice upon increasing pressure and dry ice gets convert into Co2 gas.
Evaporation:
The conversion of liquid into vapor is called evaporation. Example: Water starts to evaporate when left in any vessel (without heating).
What are factors affecting evaporation?
Several factors affect the evaporation:
Surface area: Increase in surface area increases the rate of evaporation. While decrease in the surface area decreases the rate of evaporation. Example: The water present in a glass will evaporates slowly while water on the floor will evaporates faster.
Humidity: Higher humidity in the environment leads to slower evaporation while lesser humidity in the environment leads to faster evaporation. This is the reason why clothes get dry slower in rainy season while faster in summer season.
Temperature: Increase in the temperature leads to faster evaporation while decrease in temperature leads to slower evaporation.
Wind speed: Faster wind speed increases the rate of evaporation while slower wind speed decreases the rate of evaporation.
